Reusing figures, photos, and other data and text from other publications requires permission from the copyright holder—even if they have been altered. This protects both the authors and the AER from litigation. In most cases, the copyright holder will grant permission. If the author of the publication from which you are taking the illustration gives credit to another author, you must request permission from both publishers.
You do not need permission to use material from the following sources:
If you cannot find the publisher, or if no one responds to your correspondence, you may not use the material in question and must instead simply point the reader to where the material can be found. Unfortunately, the Copyright Act does not make allowances for an inability to reach a copyright holder. Using copyrighted material without proper permissions exposes the AER to liability.
Although the symbols ® and ™ (for registered and unregistered trademarks, respectively) often accompany trademark names on product packaging and in promotional material, there is no legal requirement to use these symbols, and they should be omitted wherever possible. [CMOS 8.154]
If you do decide to use them, they need only be used at first mention and should not be repeated throughout.